What is multi-factor authentication (MFA) and how does it enhance security?

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Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) is a security method that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to access a system, account, or application. It enhances security by combining something the user knows, has, or is, making it much harder for attackers to gain unauthorized access.

The Three Common Factors in MFA:

  1. Something you know – e.g., password or PIN

  2. Something you have – e.g., phone, hardware token, smart card

  3. Something you are – e.g., fingerprint, facial recognition, biometrics

How MFA Enhances Security:

  • If a password is stolen or guessed, access is still blocked without the second factor.

  • Even if a device is lost, access can’t be gained without knowing the password or using biometrics.

  • It protects against common threats like phishing, credential stuffing, and brute-force attacks.

Example:

When logging into a bank account:

  • You enter your password (something you know),

  • Then confirm a one-time code sent to your phone (something you have).

Why It Matters:

  • MFA drastically reduces the risk of unauthorized access.

  • It’s widely recommended for sensitive accounts, including email, financial services, and cloud platforms.

In summary, MFA strengthens account security by requiring multiple layers of verification, making it much harder for attackers to compromise systems using stolen or weak credentials.

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