How does a vulnerability scanner like Nessus or OpenVAS work?

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Vulnerability scanners like Nessus and OpenVAS automate the process of identifying security weaknesses in systems, networks, and applications. Here’s how they work:

1. Asset Discovery: The scanner first identifies live hosts and devices on the target network using techniques like ping sweeps and port scans to build an inventory.

2. Service Detection: It probes open ports to detect running services (e.g., web servers, databases) and their versions.

3. Vulnerability Detection: Using a comprehensive and regularly updated database of known vulnerabilities (CVEs, security advisories), the scanner tests targets for weaknesses such as:

   • Unpatched software

   • Misconfigurations

   • Default or weak credentials

   • Open ports that expose risky services

   • Vulnerable protocols and SSL/TLS issues

4. Active and Passive Scanning:

   • Active Scanning: The scanner actively probes and attempts exploits or tests vulnerabilities to confirm their presence.

   • Passive Scanning: It can also monitor network traffic to identify potential issues without interacting directly.

5. Risk Assessment: Vulnerabilities are classified by severity (critical, high, medium, low) based on CVSS scores and exploitability.

6. Reporting: After scanning, detailed reports are generated with identified vulnerabilities, affected assets, and remediation recommendations.

7. Automation and Scheduling: Scans can be automated and scheduled regularly to maintain continuous security assessment.

Overall, Nessus and OpenVAS enable proactive identification of security gaps to help organizations strengthen their defenses before attackers exploit them.

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