How does antivirus software detect and prevent malware?

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Antivirus software detects and prevents malware using a combination of techniques:

1. Signature-based Detection: This method relies on a database of known malware code patterns (signatures). When a file or program matches a known signature, it is flagged as malicious. This approach is fast and effective for known threats but can't detect new or modified malware.

2. Heuristic Analysis: Antivirus software analyzes the behavior and structure of programs to detect suspicious activity or code patterns that resemble known malware, even if the exact signature isn't in the database. This helps identify new or variant threats.

3. Behavioral Analysis: Some antivirus tools monitor the real-time behavior of programs. If a program acts like malware—such as trying to modify system files, access sensitive data, or communicate with suspicious servers—it is blocked or quarantined.

4. Sandboxing: Suspicious files can be executed in a secure, isolated environment (sandbox) where their behavior is observed without risking the actual system.

5. Cloud-based Protection: Modern antivirus software often connects to cloud databases for real-time threat intelligence, enabling faster identification and response to emerging threats.

To prevent malware, antivirus tools scan files, emails, websites, and downloads. They block malicious actions, quarantine infected files, and alert the user. Regular updates ensure the software can detect the latest threats.

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