What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?

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Symmetric and asymmetric encryption are two fundamental cryptographic techniques used to secure data, but they differ in key usage and application.

Symmetric Encryption:

• Single key is used for both encryption and decryption.

• Both the sender and receiver must share the same secret key, which must be kept confidential.

• It is faster and more efficient for encrypting large amounts of data.

• Common algorithms: AES, DES, RC4.

Example Use: Encrypting data at rest, such as files on a hard drive or database.

Challenge: Securely sharing the secret key, especially over insecure channels.

Asymmetric Encryption:

• Uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

• The public key can be shared openly, while the private key is kept secret.

• Enables secure communication without sharing a secret key in advance.

• Common algorithms: RSA, ECC, DSA.

Example Use: Digital signatures, secure key exchange (e.g., in HTTPS), and email encryption.

Challenge: Slower and more computationally intensive than symmetric encryption, making it less suitable for encrypting large datasets.

Key Difference:

• Symmetric: One key (same key used by both parties).

• Asymmetric: Two keys (one public, one private, used in pairs).

Often, both are used together: asymmetric encryption secures the exchange of a symmetric key, which is then used for efficient data encryption.

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