What is the difference between encryption and hashing?

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Encryption and hashing are both techniques used in data security, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics.

1. Purpose:

   • Encryption is used to protect data confidentiality by converting readable data (plaintext) into an unreadable format (ciphertext) using a key. The primary goal of encryption is to ensure that only authorized parties can decrypt and access the original data.

   • Hashing, on the other hand, is used for data integrity and verification. It takes input data of any size and produces a fixed-size output, called a hash value or hash code. The purpose of hashing is to ensure that data has not been altered, rather than to protect its confidentiality.

2. Reversibility:

   • Encryption is reversible, meaning the encrypted data can be decrypted back into its original form using the correct decryption key. This is why encryption is used when data needs to be recovered in its original state.

   • Hashing is irreversible. Once data is hashed, it cannot be converted back to its original form. Hash functions are designed to produce a unique output for a given input, but there is no way to retrieve the original input from the hash value.

3. Usage:

   • Encryption is commonly used for securing sensitive information, such as files, communications, and passwords in transit, where data confidentiality is a concern.

   • Hashing is often used in situations like password storage (where only the hash of the password is stored), file integrity verification (e.g., checking if a file has been tampered with), and digital signatures.

4. Key Involvement:

   • Encryption requires a key to both encrypt and decrypt the data. This key can be either symmetric (same key for encryption and decryption) or asymmetric (public key for encryption and private key for decryption).

   • Hashing does not involve keys; the hash value is generated based solely on the input data.

In summary, encryption ensures data confidentiality and can be reversed with the appropriate key, while hashing ensures data integrity and is designed to be irreversible.

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